Penggunaan
Present Perfect Tense bisa digunakan untuk membicarakan sesuatu tentang tindakan, aktifitas atau peristiwa yang sudah dikerjakan namun belum selesai sampai saat ini. Dalam Present Perfect Tense kita biasa menggunakan kata-kata seperti how long, since atau for. Kata since digunakan bersama dengan kata penunjuk waktu tetap tertentu (2003, last month, last year ect) sedangkan kata for digunakan bersama kata penunjuk periode waktu tertentu (3 hours, five years, seven months).
Contoh :
I have known Maya since 2003.
Saya sudah kenal Maya sejak 2003.
I have been hungry for hours.
Saya merasakan lapar selama berjam-jam.
She has liked chocolate since I was a child.
Dia menyukai cokelat sejak saya masih kecil.
He is lived in Denpasar for two years.
Dia tinggal di Denpasar selama dua tahun.
We have lived in Yogykarta since 2007.
Kami telah tinggal di Yogykarta sejak 2007.
She has worked here for three months.
Dia telah bekerja di sini selama tiga bulan.
Present Perfect Tense bisa juga digunakan untuk menceritakan pengalaman hidup atau peristiwa yang dialami oleh seseorang yang terjadi kapan saja. Untuk fungsi tersebut present perfect tense biasanya sering menggunakan kata “ever” dan “never”.
Contoh :
I have been to Lombok.
Saya pernah ke Lombok.
They have visited Mecca five times.
Mereka telah mengunjungi Mekah lima kali.
She has never seen that film.
Dia belum pernah melihat film itu.
Present perfect tense digunakan untuk menggambarkan suatu aktifitas atau peristiwa yang berpatokan pada kata penunjuk waktu belum selesai (this month, this week, this year, today) dan hingga saat ini masih berlanjut.
Contoh :
I have not seen him this week.
Saya belum melihat dia(laki-laki) minggu ini.
He is drunk five cups of coffee today.
Dia minum lima cangkir kopi hari ini.
I’ve already moved house twice this year!
Saya sudah pindah rumah dua kali tahun ini!
Present Perfect tense bisa kita gunakan untuk menggambarkan suatu tindakan yang sudah terjadi tetapi peristiwa tersebut masih kita rasakan hasilnya hingga saat ini. Dalam hal ini present perfect tense akan berfokus pada HASIL yang sekarang rasakan akibat kejadian yang sudah terjadi.
Contoh :
I can not find my keys. Have you seen them?
Saya tidak dapat menemukan kunci saya. Kamu pernah melihatnya? HASIL => Saya tidak punya kunci
I have lost my keys.
Saya kehilangan kunci saya. HASIL=> Saya tidak bisa masuk rumah.
I have lost my wallet.
Saya kehilangan dompetku. HASIL=> Sekarang tidak punya dompet.
They have learned English.
Mereka telah belajar Bahasa Inggris. HASIL=> Jadi mereka bisa berbahasa Inggris.
They have missed the bus.
Mereka ketinggalan bus. HASIL=> Jadi mereka bisa terlambat.
Present perfect tense juga bisa digunakan untuk menggambarkan tentang sesuatu yang terjadi belakangan atau peristiwa akhir-akhir ini, walaupun hasilnya tidak dirasakan saat ini bahkan tidak berhubungan apapun dengan sekarang. Dalam hal ini present perfect tense sering menambahkan kata seperti just, yet, already, recently. Namun, penggunaan past simple tense pun dibenarkan.
Contoh :
The President has given a speech.
Presiden telah memberikan pidato.
I have just seen Linda.
Saya baru saja melihat Linda.
We have just got back from our holidays.
Kami baru saja kembali dari liburan kami.
Kata-kata penanda waktu
| Just | Baru saja |
| Never | Tidak pernah |
| Already | Sudah |
| Ever | Pernah |
| Up to now | Sampai sekarang |
| Recently | Baru-baru ini |
| Since | Sejak |
| For | Selama |
Struktur Present Perfect Tense
Kalimat Nominal
| Subject | Auxiliary Verb | Been | |||
| + | I | Have | – | Been | Here for 3 hours. |
| We | have | – | Been | Here for 3 hours. | |
| You | have | – | Been | Here for 3 hours. | |
| They | Have | – | Been | Here for 3 hours. | |
| He | Has | – | Been | Here for 3 hours. | |
| She | Has | – | Been | Here for 3 hours. | |
| It | Has | – | Been | Here for 3 hours. | |
| Budi | Has | – | Been | Here for 3 hours. | |
| Ani and Wati | Have | – | Been | Here for 3 hours. | |
| – | I | Have | not | Been | Here for 3 hours. |
| We | have | not | Been | Here for 3 hours. | |
| You | have | not | Been | Here for 3 hours. | |
| They | Have | not | Been | Here for 3 hours. | |
| He | Has | not | Been | Here for 3 hours. | |
| She | Has | not | Been | Here for 3 hours. | |
| It | Has | not | Been | Here for 3 hours. | |
| Budi | Has | not | Been | Here for 3 hours. | |
| Ani and Wati | Have | not | Been | Here for 3 hours. | |
| ? | Have | I | – | Been | Here for 3 hours. |
| have | We | – | Been | Here for 3 hours. | |
| have | You | – | Been | Here for 3 hours. | |
| Have | They | – | Been | Here for 3 hours. | |
| Has | He | – | Been | Here for 3 hours. | |
| Has | She | – | Been | Here for 3 hours. | |
| Has | It | – | Been | Here for 3 hours. | |
| Has | Budi | – | Been | Here for 3 hours. | |
| Have | Ani and Wati | – | Been | Here for 3 hours. |
Kalimat verbal
| Subject | Auxiliary Verb | – | Main Verb (verb 3) | – | |
| + | I | Have | lived | In that house for 3 years. | |
| We | have | played | Football for 3 years. | ||
| You | have | done | Your work very well. | ||
| They | Have | gone | To Palembang. | ||
| He | Has | typed | The letter. | ||
| She | Has | played | Outside for an hour. | ||
| It | Has | slept | For 3 hours. | ||
| Budi | Has | lived | Here since 2007. | ||
| Ani and Wati | Have | waited | For a long time. | ||
| – | I | Have | not | lived | In that house for 3 years. |
| We | have | not | played | Football for 3 years. | |
| You | have | not | done | Your work very well. | |
| They | Have | not | gone | To Palembang. | |
| He | Has | not | typed | The letter. | |
| She | Has | not | played | Outside for an hour. | |
| It | Has | not | slept | For 3 hours. | |
| Budi | Has | not | lived | Here since 2007 | |
| Ani and Wati | Have | not | waited | For a long time. | |
| ? | Have | I | lived | In that house for 3 years ? | |
| have | We | played | Football for 3 years ? | ||
| have | You | done | Your work very well ? | ||
| Have | They | gone | To Palembang ? | ||
| Has | He | typed | The letter ? | ||
| Has | She | played | Outside for an hour ? | ||
| Has | It | slept | For 3 hours ? | ||
| Has | Budi | lived | Here since 2007 ? | ||
| Have | Ani and Wati | waited | For a long time ? |
- Auxiliary verb “have” berubah sesuai dengan apa yang menjadi subjek kalimat.
- Pada kalimat nominal, kata kerja utama dalam bentuk “been”.
- Pada kalimat verbal, Main Verb (kata kerja utama) menggunakan bentuk past participle atau Verb 3.
- Pada kalimat negatif, diantara Auxiliary Verb dan Main Verb (kata kerja utama) ditambahkan kata not.
- Untuk membuat kalimat pertanyaan, Auxliary Verb diletakkan sebelum subjek.
Kata kerja khusus dalam Present Perfect
Be sebagai full verb
| I, We, You, They | |
| + | I have been to Medan. |
| + | We have been to Medan. |
| + | You have been to Medan. |
| + | They have been to Medan. |
| – | I have not been to Medan. |
| – | We have not been to Medan. |
| – | You have not been to Medan. |
| – | They have not been to Medan. |
| ? | Have I been to Medan. |
| ? | Have We been to Medan. |
| ? | Have You been to Medan. |
| ? | Have They been to Medan. |
| He, She, It | |
| + | He has been to Medan. |
| + | She has been to Medan. |
| + | It has been there for hours. |
| – | He has not been to Medan. |
| – | She has not been to Medan. |
| – | It has not been there for hours. |
| ? | Has he been to Medan ? |
| ? | Has she been to Medan ? |
| ? | Has it been there for hours ? |
Do sebagai full verb
| I, We, You, They | |
| + | I have done an exercise. |
| + | We have done an exercise. |
| + | You have done an exercise. |
| + | They have done an exercise. |
| – | I have not done an exercise. |
| – | We have not done an exercise. |
| – | You have not done an exercise. |
| – | They have not done an exercise. |
| ? | Have I done an exercise ? |
| ? | Have we done an exercise ? |
| ? | Have you done an exercise ? |
| ? | Have they done an exercise ? |
| He, She, It | |
| + | He has done an exercise. |
| + | She has done an exercise. |
| + | It has done an exercise. |
| – | He has not done an exercise. |
| – | She has not done an exercise. |
| – | It has not done an exercise. |
| ? | Has he done an exercise ? |
| ? | Has she done an exercise ? |
| ? | Has it done an exercise ? |
Have sebagai full verb
| I, We, You, They | |
| + | I have got a message. |
| + | We have got a message. |
| + | You have got a message. |
| + | They have got a message. |
| – | I have not got a message. |
| – | We have not got a message. |
| – | You have not got a message. |
| – | They have not got a message. |
| ? | Have I got a message ? |
| ? | Have we got a message ? |
| ? | Have you got a message ? |
| ? | Have they got a message ? |
| He, She, It | |
| + | He has got a message. |
| + | She has got a message. |
| + | It has got a message. |
| – | He has not got a message. |
| – | She has not got a message. |
| – | It has not got a message. |
| ? | Has he got a message ? |
| ? | Has she got a message ? |
| ? | Has it got a message ? |
Bentuk panjang (long form) dan bentuk pendek (short form) dalam Present Perfect.
| POSITIVE | |
| Long Form | Short Form |
| I, We, You, They | I, We, You, They |
| I have gone | I’ve gone |
| He, She, It | He, She, It |
| He has gone | he’s gone |
| NEGATIVE | |
| Long Form | Short Form |
| I, We, You, They | I, We, You, They |
| I have gone | I’ve not gone/I haven’t gone |
| He, She, It | He, She, It |
| He has gone | He’s not gone/He hasn’t gone |